INVERSION
I. ĐẢO NGỮ: TRỢ ĐỘNG TỪ ĐỨNG TRƯỚC CHỦ TỪ:
Auxiliary verb (a) + Subject (b) + Main verb (c).
Have / be + Subject + Main verb
(a): Auxiliary verb : Vaux : trợ động từ.
(b): Main verb : Vmain : động từ chính.
(c): Subject : Sub : chủ từ.
Chúng ta đưa trợ động từ ra trước chủ từ hoặc một cụm từ trong nhiều cấu trúc khác nhau.
Trong câu hỏi thông thường: (QUESTION STATEMENTS) Have your mother and father arrived? Where is the concert taking place? Tuy nhiên điều này không tồn tại trong cấu trúc câu nói Gián Tiếp: (Indirect Speech): I wondered what time the film was starting.
Trong câu cảm thán: (EXCLAMATIONS) Trong các câu cảm thán thường hay xuất hiện như các câu hỏi nghi vấn phủ định: Isn’t it cold? Hasn’t she got lovely eyes?
Với MAY: May đi trước chủ từ với câu ước muốn: May all your wishes come true? May he rot in hell?
Trong cấu trúc đi với các trạng từ: SO / NIETHER / NOR So / Neither / Nor thường gặp trong các cấu trúc trả lời ngắn: So / Neither / Nor + Auxiliary verb + Subject + She is hungry. So am I. + They didn’t have a good time at the party last night? + Neither am I. + She is not a good student nor is she a bad student.
Sau những trạng từ có tính phủ định và những thành ngữ có tính hạn chế: Nếu sau một trạng từ hoặc một cụm từ có tính phủ định đứng đầu câu thì thường đi với cấu trúc sau: Vaux + Sub + Vmain. Những cấu trúc như vậy thường bắt gặp trong các cách viết chính thống. We can’t cash cheques under any circumstances. ( Under no circumstances can we cash cheques. The President was never aware of what was happening. ( At no time was the President aware of what was happening. Peter didn’t receive her letter until he fully understood the depth of her feelings. ( Not until Peter fully understood the depth of her feelings did he receive her letter. Not until + Subject + verb + Vaux + Subject + Vmain + Cấu trúc đảo ngữ còn xuất hiện với những từ và cụm từ có tính phủ định khi xuất hiện ở đấu câu sau: Hardly, Seldom, rarely, barely, scarcely, never, little, No sooner … than …, not only, not until, nowhere, on no account, only by, only in this way, only then / when, no longer... . No sooner + Vaux + Subject + Verb + than + Subject + Verb. It started to rain as soon as we started out for California. ( No sooner had we started out for California, than it started to rain. I had hardly arrived when trouble started ( Hardly had I arrived when the trouble started. I have seldom seen such a remarkable creature. ( Seldom have I seen such a remarkable creature. He little realized the danger he faced. ( Little did he realize the danger he faced. I only understood what she meant then ( Only then did I understand what she meant. I was able to appreciate her only after her death ( Only after her death was I able to appreciate her. We not only lost our money, we was nearly killed too ( Not only did we lose our money, but we was nearly killed. He didn’t realized that he had lost it till he got home ( Not till he got home did he realize that he had lost it. * Never … was so much owed by so many to so few. (Churchill) + Đảo ngữ không dùng ngay sau cụm trạng từ dùng để nhấn mạnh về thời gian hay địa điểm. You can see foxes not far from here. ( Not far from here you can see foxes. + Đảo ngữ còn được dùng khi: Not + Object được đặt đầu câu để nhấn mạnh. Not a single word did she say.s
TEST 1:
Direction: Rewrite the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it.
He got down to writing the letter as soon as he returned from his walk. No sooner
If you want to save your eyesight, we must operate immediately. Only by
She had hardly begun to speak before people started interrupting her. Hardly
Someone rang the alarm as soon as the burglars left the building. No sooner
I only realized what I had missed when they told me about it later. Only when
The demand was so great that they had to reprint the book immediately. So
You won’t find a more dedicated worker anywhere than Mrs. Jones. Nowhere
The outcome