PASSIVES: HE IS BELIEVED TO BE ...
1. Object + infinitive: He asked me to send . . .
Many verbs can be followed by object + infinitive
He asked me to send a stamped addressed enveloped.
We chose Felicity to be the Carnival Queen.
In most cases, these structures can be made passive.
I was made to send a stamped addressed envelope.
Felicity was chosen to be the Carnival Queen
We were told not to come back
They are allowed to visit Harry once a week.
2. verb of thinking, feeling and saying
With verbs like think, feel, believe, know ect, the object + infinitive structure is rather formal and often unusual.
They believe him to be dangerous.(more normal: they believe that . . .)
However, the passive structure (e.g. He is believed to be . . .) is common, and often occurs in news reports.
He is believed to be dangerous.
Moriaty is though to be in Switzerland.
She is known to have been married before.
It is considered to be the finest cathedral in Scotland.
Note that with say, the infinitive structure is only possible in the passive.
His company is said to be in trouble.
3. hear, see, make and help
These verb can be followed, in active structure, by object + infinitive without to. In passive structure to-infinitive are used.
I saw him come out of the house
He was seen to come out of the house.
They made him tell them everything.
He was made to tell them everything.
They help him (to) get out of the country.
He was help to get out of the country.
4. preparatory there
With some verbs (e.g. say, think, report, presume, understand), the passive structure is possible with there as a 'preparatory subject'
There are thought to be more than 3.000 different languages in the world. ( = It is thought that there are ... )
There was said to be disagreement between Ministers.
5. perfect, progressive and passive infinitives
A passive verbs can be followed by a perfect, progressive or passive infinitive.
He is believed to have crossed the frontier last night.
I was told to be waiting outside the station at 6 o'clock.
The hostages are expected to be released today.
6. exception: wanting and liking
Verbs that refer to wanting, liking and similar ideas cannot usually be used in passive structures with following infinitives.
Everybody wanted Doris to be the manager. (BUT NOT Doris was wanted to be the manager.)
We like our staff to say what they think. (BUT NOT Our staff are liked to say what they think.)
(PRACTICAL ENGLISH USAGES - Michael Swan)
Trương Quốc Phú @ 22:49 24/09/2009
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